Financial Strength

Payment & Market Infrastructure Oversight

The capacity to oversee the plumbing: the supervision of payment, clearing and settlement systems whose failure would be a national event. One of the capabilities of Financial Regulation & Integrity.

International families: 17k2015 to 2024
Leading country: United States2.7× the next
All families: 66khome filings included
Over five years: Falling2020 to 2024 against the five before

Year by year

Patent families by country of origin and the year of the earliest filing, 2000 to 2025; 2025 is a part year, still filling in. International families are those for which protection was sought beyond one country.

Volume

International patent families in the capability, by the year of the earliest filing.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Share by country

Each country's share of the year's international families, in per cent: the capability's five largest countries of origin, 2015 to 2024, and the rest of the world.

Source: Global Institute for National Capability (GINC), 2026. Underlying patents from 107 patent offices, IFI CLAIMS and Google

Country leaderboard

International patent families, 2015 to 2024, by country of origin. Growth compares the latest five full years with the five before.

Ten largest

United States

China

South Korea

Japan

Cayman Islands

Canada

Germany

France

United Kingdom

Singapore

6,452

2,381

1,618

1,604

589

512

441

385

375

309


1	United States	6,452	38.0%	0.8×	16,472
2	China	2,381	14.0%	0.7×	28,908
3	South Korea	1,618	9.5%	0.7×	9,141
4	Japan	1,604	9.4%	1.2×	3,716
5	Cayman Islands	589	3.5%	0.0×	649
6	Canada	512	3.0%	0.7×	954
7	Germany	441	2.6%	1.2×	612
8	France	385	2.3%	0.7×	523
9	United Kingdom	375	2.2%	0.8×	532
10	Singapore	309	1.8%	0.7×	375
11	Switzerland	265	1.6%	1.4×	335
12	India	209	1.2%	0.9×	291
13	Taiwan	207	1.2%	0.7×	861
14	Australia	189	1.1%	0.6×	283
15	Israel	134	0.8%	0.7×	225
16	Türkiye	127	0.7%	1.8×	224
17	Sweden	124	0.7%	0.7×	150
18	Hong Kong	83	0.5%	0.1×	101
19	Italy	79	0.5%	0.8×	139
20	Netherlands	70	0.4%	0.5×	90
21	Russia	67	0.4%	0.6×	95
22	Ireland	66	0.4%	0.3×	95
23	Finland	56	0.3%	0.4×	65
24	South Africa	54	0.3%	1.0×	57
25	Spain	37	0.2%	0.8×	49
26	Belgium	33	0.2%	0.4×	39
27	Norway	33	0.2%	0.4×	40
28	Austria	26	0.2%	0.7×	29
29	Brazil	25	0.1%	0.6×	88
30	Portugal	22	0.1%	1.2×	25
31	New Zealand	21	0.1%	1.1×	26
32	Poland	17	0.1%	1.1×	37
33	Luxembourg	17	0.1%	0.4×	27
34	Saudi Arabia	17	0.1%	3.3×	26
35	Malaysia	17	0.1%	0.3×	26
36	Denmark	16	0.1%	0.3×	17
37	Czechia	9	0.1%	0.3×	15
38	Mexico	9	0.1%	0.5×	21
39	Hungary	4	0.0%	0.3×	8
40	Liechtenstein	1	0.0%	0.0×	1

Applicants

The largest applicants by international patent families, 2015 to 2024: across the world, then within each of the five countries with the most families in Payment & Market Infrastructure Oversight. Names are as held in the source and are not consolidated across subsidiaries.

Global

16,997 international families

MASTERCARD INTERNATIONAL INC · United States

ALIBABA GROUP HOLDING LTD · China

VISA INT SERVICE ASS · United States

ADVANCED NEW TECHNOLOGIES CO LTD · Cayman Islands

CAPITAL ONE SERVICES LLC · United States

ALIBABA GROUP SERVICES LTD · Cayman Islands

1,126

738

645

610

520

512

United States

6,452 international families

MASTERCARD INTERNATIONAL INC

VISA INT SERVICE ASS

CAPITAL ONE SERVICES LLC

PAYPAL INC

JPMORGAN CHASE BANK NA

IBM

1,120

637

520

177

157

China

2,381 international families

ALIPAY HANGZHOU INF TECH CO LTD

TENCENT TECH SHENZHEN CO LTD

CHINA UNIONPAY CO LTD

ALIPAY HANGZHOU TECH CO LTD

HUAWEI TECH CO LTD

ALIBABA GROUP HOLDING LTD

256

197

164

149

124

110

South Korea

1,618 international families

SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS CO LTD

LG ELECTRONICS INC

COUPANG CORP

HYUNDAI MOTOR CO LTD

COINPLUG INC

SSENSTONE INC

261

Japan

1,604 international families

TOSHIBA TEC KK

NEC CORP

TOYOTA MOTOR CORP

TOYOTA MOTOR CO LTD

RAKUTEN GROUP INC

FUJITSU LTD

241

155

111

110

Cayman Islands

589 international families

11.0% shared · 1,881 families in both

United States

China

Japan

South Korea

Canada

1,064

181

104

Strategic Infrastructure

Markets, Exchanges & Depositories

9.5% shared · 1,859 families in both

China

United States

Japan

South Korea

Cayman Islands

1,322

1,185

384

363

253

Financial Strength

Capital Markets Depth & Development

9.5% shared · 1,859 families in both

China

United States

Japan

South Korea

Cayman Islands

1,322

1,185

384

363

253

Crosswalk

How Payment & Market Infrastructure Oversight is matched to the patent classifications. The entries below were chosen for it; each stands for itself and everything beneath it in the scheme, 43 Cooperative entries in all. A patent family counts when any of its codes, in either scheme and at any office, falls under one of them. Codes since retired are placed under the entries that replaced them.

Entry	Title in the scheme	Why it is chosen	CPC codes	IPC codes	Documents
G06Q20/02	Payment architectures, schemes or protocols involving a neutral party, e.g. certification authority, notary or trusted third party [TTP]	Payment schemes run through a clearing house or trusted third party	3	1	44,781
G06Q20/10	Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic funds transfer [EFT] systems; specially adapted for home banking systems	Electronic funds transfer and home banking architectures	5	1	112,625
G06Q20/38	Payment protocols; Details thereof	Payment protocols, authorisation and transaction security	35	4	463,087
G06Q20/4016	Transaction verification involving fraud or risk level assessment in transaction processing	Left out

CPC and IPC codes are the codes in use on patent documents, at any office, that fall under the entry. Documents is the larger of the two schemes' counts of documents carrying one of them. An entry with no IPC codes can be told apart only in the Cooperative scheme.

The Cooperative codes in use that count towards Payment & Market Infrastructure Oversight: 43 codes on 620,493 documents. The full crosswalk is in the cpc-to-capability.csv download.

Code	Title	Under entry	How placed	Documents
G06Q20/10	Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic funds transfer [EFT] systems; specially adapted for home banking systems	G06Q20/10	In the scheme	48,184
G06Q20/40	Authorisation, e.g. identification of payer or payee, verification of customer or shop credentials; Review and approval of payers, e.g. check credit lines or negative lists	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	42,315
G06Q20/401	Transaction verification	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	36,806
G06Q20/3829	Payment protocols; Details thereof insuring higher security of transaction involving key management	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	35,175
G06Q20/382	Payment protocols; Details thereof insuring higher security of transaction	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	33,487
G06Q20/02	Payment architectures, schemes or protocols involving a neutral party, e.g. certification authority, notary or trusted third party [TTP]	G06Q20/02	In the scheme	32,948
G06Q20/102	Bill distribution or payments	G06Q20/10	In the scheme	30,962
G06Q20/4014	Identity check for transactions	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	30,266
G06Q20/40145	Biometric identity checks	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	29,442
G06Q20/405	Establishing or using transaction specific rules	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	27,373
G06Q20/389	Keeping log of transactions for guaranteeing non-repudiation of a transaction	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	23,196
G06Q20/385	Payment protocols; Details thereof using an alias or single-use codes	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	19,753
G06Q20/3825	Use of electronic signatures	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	17,124
G06Q20/3821	Electronic credentials	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	14,753
G06Q20/38215	Use of certificates or encrypted proofs of transaction rights	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	13,763
G06Q20/108	Remote banking, e.g. home banking	G06Q20/10	In the scheme	13,720
G06Q20/387	Payment using discounts or coupons	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	12,262
G06Q20/3827	Use of message hashing	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	12,097
G06Q20/4012	Verifying personal identification numbers [PIN]	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	11,961
G06Q20/1085	Remote banking, e.g. home banking involving automatic teller machines [ATMs]	G06Q20/10	In the scheme	10,215
G06Q20/105	Payment architectures specially adapted for electronic funds transfer [EFT] systems; specially adapted for home banking systems involving programming of a portable memory device, e.g. IC cards, "electronic purses"	G06Q20/10	In the scheme	9,544
G06Q20/42	Confirmation, e.g. check or permission by the legal debtor of payment	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	9,317
G06Q20/3823	Payment protocols; Details thereof insuring higher security of transaction combining multiple encryption tools for a transaction	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	8,752
G06Q20/40975	Device specific authentication in transaction processing using mutual authentication between devices and transaction partners using encryption therefor	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	7,983
G06Q20/409	Device specific authentication in transaction processing	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	7,966
G06Q20/425	Confirmation, e.g. check or permission by the legal debtor of payment using two different networks, one for transaction and one for security confirmation	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	7,731
G06Q20/381	Currency conversion	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	7,627
G06Q20/027	Payment architectures, schemes or protocols involving a neutral party, e.g. certification authority, notary or trusted third party [TTP] involving a payment switch or gateway	G06Q20/02	In the scheme	7,039
G06Q20/403	Solvency checks	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	6,014
G06Q20/407	Cancellation of a transaction	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	5,435
G06Q20/38	Payment protocols; Details thereof	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	5,237
G06Q20/384	Payment protocols; Details thereof using social networks	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	5,042
G06Q20/4015	Transaction verification using location information	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	4,943
G06Q20/023	Payment architectures, schemes or protocols involving a neutral party, e.g. certification authority, notary or trusted third party [TTP] the neutral party being a clearing house	G06Q20/02	In the scheme	4,794
G06Q20/386	Payment protocols; Details thereof using messaging services or messaging apps	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	4,743
G06Q20/4037	Remote solvency checks	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	4,720
G06Q20/4097	Device specific authentication in transaction processing using mutual authentication between devices and transaction partners	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	3,952
G06Q20/383	Anonymous user system	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	3,836
G06Q20/4093	Monitoring of device authentication	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	3,033
G06Q20/4018	Transaction verification using the card verification value [CVV] associated with the card	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	2,754
G06Q20/388	Payment protocols; Details thereof using mutual authentication without cards, e.g. challenge-response	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	2,503
G06Q20/40155	Transaction verification using location information for triggering transactions	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	954
G06Q20/4033	Local solvency checks	G06Q20/38	In the scheme	772

Match: Through its tools

The classification names the equipment or technology the capability draws on, not the capability. The count says how much is being invented for it, not how well it is done. Counts the technology of payment, clearing and transfer systems that oversight is exercised over, not the oversight itself; fraud scoring is left to financial integrity. The crosswalk is a first pass that nobody has reviewed.

Other capabilities in Financial Regulation & Integrity

Prudential Regulation & Supervision
Financial Integrity & Illicit Finance Control
Market Conduct & Consumer Protection